<!-- @media rule: apply styles conditionally -->
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    width: 100%;
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

<!-- Styles apply when viewport <= 768px -->

/* min-width: styles apply when viewport >= 768px */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    width: 600px;
    flex-direction: row;
  }
}

<!-- Styles apply when viewport >= 768px -->

/* Range: both min and max -->
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1200px) {
  .container {
    width: 700px;
  }
}

<!-- Styles apply in range 768px - 1200px -->

/* Device type: screen, print, etc -->
@media screen {
  /* Applies to screens (not print) */
}

@media print {
  /* Applies when printing */
}

@media (orientation: landscape) {
  /* Landscape orientation */
}

@media (orientation: portrait) {
  /* Portrait orientation -->
}

<!-- Mobile-first: start with mobile, add features for larger screens -->

/* Mobile: base styles */
.container {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 10px;
}

.grid {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 10px;
}

.item {
  width: 100%;
}

<!-- All stacked vertically on mobile -->

/* Tablet: medium screens -->
@media (min-width: 640px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 640px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 20px;
  }

  .grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 15px;
  }

  .item {
    width: auto;
  }
}

<!-- Two columns on tablet -->

/* Desktop: large screens -->
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    padding: 30px;
  }

  .grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 20px;
  }
}

<!-- Three columns on desktop -->

/* Common breakpoints -->

@media (max-width: 640px) { /* small */ }
@media (min-width: 640px) and (max-width: 1024px) { /* medium */ }
@media (min-width: 1024px) { /* large */ }
@media (min-width: 1920px) { /* extra large --> }

<!-- Responsive navigation -->
.navbar {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 15px 20px;
  background: #f5f5f5;
}

.menu {
  display: none;  /* hide menu on mobile -->
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .menu {
    display: flex;
    gap: 20px;
  }
}

<!-- Mobile: menu hidden (hamburger instead) -->
<!-- Desktop: menu visible -->

/* Responsive grid */
.cards {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 20px;
}

@media (min-width: 600px) {
  .cards {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1000px) {
  .cards {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
  }
}

<!-- 1 column mobile, 2 tablet, 3 desktop -->

/* Responsive font sizes -->
.title {
  font-size: 24px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .title {
    font-size: 32px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .title {
    font-size: 40px;
  }
}

<!-- Font scales with viewport -->

/* Show/hide elements responsively -->
.mobile-only {
  display: block;
}

.desktop-only {
  display: none;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .mobile-only {
    display: none;
  }

  .desktop-only {
    display: block;
  }
}

<!-- Different elements for mobile/desktop -->

<!-- Mobile-first: start small, enhance up (preferred) -->
.container {
  /* Mobile styles: base */
  width: 100%;
  padding: 10px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  /* Tablet enhancement */
  .container {
    width: 750px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  /* Desktop enhancement */
  .container {
    width: 1200px;
  }
}

<!-- Benefits: -->
<!-- - Better performance (fewer styles override) -->
<!-- - Works on devices without media query support -->
<!-- - Progressive enhancement -->

/* Desktop-first: start large, reduce down */
.container {
  /* Desktop styles: base */
  width: 1200px;
  padding: 30px;
}

@media (max-width: 1024px) {
  /* Tablet reduction */
  .container {
    width: 800px;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  /* Mobile reduction */
  .container {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 10px;
  }
}

<!-- Less preferred but sometimes used -->

/* Mobile-first is recommended -->
/* Simpler, better performance, more maintainable -->

<!-- Dark mode: prefers-color-scheme -->
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  body {
    background: #222;
    color: #fff;
  }
}

<!-- User prefers dark mode -->

/* Reduced motion: accessibility -->
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation: none;
    transition: none;
  }
}

<!-- User prefers reduced motion -->

/* High contrast mode -->
@media (prefers-contrast: more) {
  .text {
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #000;
  }
}

<!-- User prefers high contrast -->

/* Aspect ratio: monitor type -->
@media (aspect-ratio: 16 / 9) {
  /* Landscape monitors */
}

/* Touch devices -->
@media (hover: none) {
  /* Touch device, no hover -->
  button:hover { /* ignored */ }
}

@media (hover: hover) {
  /* Desktop with mouse -->
  button:hover { color: blue; }
}

/* Light level: ambient light sensor -->
@media (light-level: bright) {
  /* Bright environment */
  body { background: white; }
}